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Cochin Jews
Cochin Jews, also called Malabar Jews, are of Mizrahi and Sephardi heritage. They are the oldest group of Jews in India, with possible roots claimed to date to the time of King Solomon.〔(''The Jews of India: A Story of Three Communities'' ) by Orpa Slapak. The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. 2003. p. 27. ISBN 965-278-179-7.〕〔Weil, Shalva. "Jews in India." in M. Avrum Erlich (ed.) ''Encyclopaedia of the Jewish Diaspora'', Santa Barbara, USA: ABC CLIO. 2008, 3: 1204-1212.〕 The Cochin Jews settled in the Kingdom of Cochin in South India,〔Weil, Shalva. ''India's Jewish Heritage: Ritual, Art and Life-Cycle,'' Mumbai: Marg Publications, 2009. (published in 2002; 3rd edn ) Katz 2000; Koder 1973; Menachery 1998〕 now part of the state of Kerala.〔Weil, Shalva. "Cochin Jews", in Carol R. Ember, Melvin Ember and Ian Skoggard (eds) ''Encyclopedia of World Cultures Supplement'', New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2002. pp. 78-80.〕〔Weil, Shalva. "Cochin Jews" in Judith Baskin (ed.)'' Cambridge Dictionary of Judaism and Jewish Culture'', New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011. pp. 107.〕 As early as the 12th century, mention is made of the Black Jews in southern India. The Jewish traveler, Benjamin of Tudela, speaking of Kollam (Quilon) on the Malabar Coast, writes in his ''Itinerary'': "...throughout the island, including all the towns thereof, live several thousand Israelites. The inhabitants are all black, and the Jews also. The latter are good and benevolent. They know the law of Moses and the prophets, and to a small extent the Talmud and Halacha."〔''The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela'' (ed. Marcus Nathan Adler), Oxford University Press, London 1907, p. 65〕 These people later became known as the Malabari Jews. They built synagogues in Kerala beginning in the 12th and 13th centuries.〔Weil, Shalva. ''From Cochin to Israel''. Jerusalem: Kumu Berina, 1984. (Hebrew)〕〔Weil, Shalva. "Kerala to restore 400-year-old Indian synagogue", ''The Jerusalem Post''. 2009.〕 They are known to have developed Judeo-Malayalam, a dialect of Malayalam language.
Following expulsion from Iberia in 1492 by the Alhambra Decree, a few families of Sephardic Jews eventually made their way to Cochin in the 16th century. They became known as Paradesi Jews (or Foreign Jews). The European Jews maintained some trade connections to Europe, and their language skills were useful. Although the Sephardim spoke Ladino (i.e. Spanish or Judeo-Spanish), in India they learned Judeo-Malayalam from the Malabar Jews.〔Katz 2000; Koder 1973; Thomas Puthiakunnel 1973.〕 The two communities retained their ethnic and cultural distinctions.〔Weil, Shalva. "The Place of Alwaye in Modern Cochin Jewish History," ''Journal of Modern Jewish Studies,'' 2010. 8(3): 319-335.〕 In the late 19th century, a few Arabic-speaking Jews, who became known as Baghdadi, also immigrated to southern India, and joined the Paradesi community.
After India gained its independence in 1947 and Israel was established as a nation, most Cochin Jews emigrated from Kerala to Israel in the mid-1950s. Most White Jews though preferred to migrate to Australia and other Commonwealth countries, as Anglo-Indians did.〔Weil, Shalva. ''From Cochin to Israel'', Jerusalem: Kumu Berina, 1984. (Hebrew)〕 Most of their synagogues have been sold and adapted for other uses. The Paradesi synagogue still has a congregation and also attracts tourists as a historic site. The synagogue at Chennamangalam was reconstructed in 2006.〔Weil, Shalva (with Jay Waronker and Marian Sofaer) ''The Chennamangalam Synagogue: Jewish Community in a Village in Kerala''. Kerala: Chennamangalam Synagogue, 2006.〕 The one at Parur is currently being reconstructed.〔"The Synagogues of Kerala, India: Architectural and Cultural Heritage." ''Cochinsyn.com'', Friends of Kerala Synagogues, 2011.M〕〔Weil, Shalva. "In an Ancient Land: Trade and synagogues in south India", ''Asian Jewish Life''. 2011. ()〕
Descendants of Cochin Jews have had their DNA analyzed. A 2009 DNA report states that "Ethiopian Jews (Beta Israel) and Indian Jews (Bene Israel and Cochini) cluster with neighbouring autochthonous populations in Ethiopia and western India, respectively, despite a clear paternal link between the Bene Israel and the Levant."〔(), ''Nature''〕
==History==
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